Opioid-Related Disorder
Problematic opioid use (e.g., heroin, morphine) causing impairment or distress, with signs of dependence and dysfunction.
Etiology (Biopsychosocial Model)
Biological: High addiction potential via opioid receptors.
Psychological: Pain relief reinforcement, trauma history.
Social: Prescription overuse, stigma, poverty, peer influence.
Symptoms & Diagnosis (Mnemonic: TOXIC NOD):
T - Tolerance
O - Obligations unmet
X - eXcessive time using
I - Increased amounts over time
C - Craving
N - Neglect of activities
O - Ongoing use despite harm
D -Danger (e.g., driving)
Treatment
MAT (Methadone, Buprenorphine, Naltrexone)
CBT, contingency management
Harm reduction and detox support
Info
DSM-5-TR Code
F11.20–F11.29 (based on severity)
Prevalence
~0.6%–0.9% in adults; heroin use disorder ~0.1%–0.3%.