Agoraphobia
Marked fear or anxiety about two or more situations like public transport, open spaces, enclosed spaces, crowds, or being outside alone./p>
Etiology (Biopsychosocial Model)
Biological: Linked with panic disorder; possible genetic vulnerability.
Psychological: Fear of being trapped/helpless during panic.
Social: Reinforcement from avoidance, family overprotection.
Symptoms & Diagnosis (Mnemonic: CROWD)
C - Crowds or waiting in line
R - Restricted spaces (e.g., elevators)
O - Open spaces (e.g., parking lots)
W - Worry about escape being difficult
D - Duration ≥ 6 months with distress
Treatment
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Focus on graded exposure to feared situations.
Medications: SSRIs or SNRIs for moderate to severe cases.
Relaxation & Mindfulness: Techniques to manage anxiety symptoms.
Psychoeducation & Family Involvement: Educate and engage family to support recovery.
Info
DSM-5-TR Code
F40.00
Prevalence
1.7% annually; more prevalent in women and young adults.